Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile - Tesi di Dottorato

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Questa collezione raccoglie le Tesi di Dottorato Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile dell'Università della Calabria.

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40° N sole e contesto nella progettazione di spazi urbani mediterranei
(2009) Carbone, Ivana; Rossi, Franco; Cannavò, Paola
Adeguamento antisismico di edifici in c.a. irregolari in pianta mediante l'utilizzo di controventi dissipativi: modellazione, progettazione ed analisi non lineare
(2017-06-16) Pedace, Emilia; Furgiuele, Franco; Mazza, Fabio
Advanced structural analyses of cable supported bridges
(2014-11-26) Pascuzzo, Arturo; Renato Sante Olivito, Renato Sante; Lonetti, Paolo
I ponti di grande luce sono strutture complesse che presentano un utilizzo ottimale dei materiali strutturali, caratteristiche estetiche e costruttive efficienti e bassi costi di manutenzione. A causa delle loro grandi dimensioni e delle diverse caratteristiche degli elementi strutturali, che sono essenzialmente la trave di irrigidimento, i piloni e il sistema dei cavi, i ponti di grande luce presentano diversi problemi che devono essere analizzati. Uno riguarda la definizione della configurazione iniziale della struttura. I ponti di grande luce, infatti, specialmente per lunghezze elevate, presentano un gran numero di cavi, che determinano strutture altamente iperstatiche. Come risultato, le forze di pretensione e le dimensioni delle sezioni trasversali dei cavi possono essere considerati come variabili di progetto che devono essere determinati. Un altro riguarda la valutazione della vulnerabilità strutturale nei riguardi di condizioni di carico estreme come il transito di carichi mobili o gli effetti prodotti da meccanismi di danneggiamento del sistema dei cavi, come la corrosione, che riducono fortemente l'integrità strutturale. Tali fenomeni producono significativi effetti di amplificazione dinamica in termini variabili tensionali e di spostamento. Tuttavia, gli effetti prodotti dall'azione dei carichi mobili o da meccanismi di danno non sono indipendenti. L’effetto della corrosione rende la struttura più sensibile all'azione di carichi mobili. D'altra parte, le vibrazioni indotte dal transito dei veicoli possono causare il deterioramento dei cavi per fatica o abrasione. Per queste ragioni, i problemi dei carichi mobili e dei meccanismi di danno dovrebbero essere studiati congiuntamente. L'ultimo è relativo agli effetti delle nonlinearità geometriche e dei materiali sul comportamento strutturale dei ponti. Le nonlinearità geometriche e dei materiali, infatti, influenzano la risposta dei ponti di grande luce e, di conseguenza, anche la massima capacità portante. Le nonlinearità dei materiali derivano dal legame sforzo-deformazione dei materiali, mentre le nonlinearità geometriche sono dovute all’effetto “sag” dei cavi, ai grandi spostamenti e ai fenomeni di interazione sforzo assiale-momento flettente che insorgono nella trave di irrigidimento e nei piloni (effetto beam-column). Obiettivo della presente tesi di dottorato è quello di sviluppare modelli strutturali avanzati per l’analisi delle problematiche dei ponti di grande luce precedentemente descritte. A tal fine, è si è fatto ricorso alla metodologia degli elementi finiti per riprodurre il comportamento strutturale dei principali ponti di grande luce. In particolare, è stata adottata una formulazione di tipo nonlineare geometrico, che ben si presta a riprodurre gli effetti delle vibrazioni locali dei cavi e i grandi spostamenti a cui sono soggetti la trave d’irrigidimento e i piloni. Per quanto riguarda la definizione della configurazione geometrica iniziale, viene elaborata una metodologia di progettazione per l’ottimizzazione delle forze di pretensione e per il dimensionamento delle sezioni trasversali dei cavi. La metodologia è data dalla combinazione del modello strutturale agli elementi finiti descritto in precedenza con una procedura di ottimizzazione iterativa. Tale procedura iterativa è utilizzata per ottimizzare la distribuzione delle forze di pretensione e le dimensioni delle sezioni trasversali al fine di minimizzare la quantità di acciaio e massimizzare le performance strutturali sotto l’azione di carichi di natura accidentale. In tale ambito, sono stati elaborati dei risultati per validare la metodologia proposta per mezzo di confronti con formulazioni presenti in letteratura. Inoltre, sono stati sviluppati risultati parametrici con riferimento a ponti di conformazione più complessa per verificare le regole di dimensionamento e per confrontare i ponti a configurazione mista sospesa strallata con le convenzionali configurazioni sospese e strallate. Inoltre, dettagliati risultati sono proposti con riferimento al caso dei ponti misti auto-ancorati sospesi strallati. Al fine di analizzare il comportamento strutturale di ponti di grande luce in presenza di meccanismi di danneggiamento del sistema dei cavi, sotto l’azione di carichi viaggianti, al modello agli elementi finiti sono aggiunte ulteriori formulazioni. In particolare, sono presi in considerazione gli effetti di accoppiamento flesso-torsionale della struttura da ponte e quelli associati ai contributi di carico e di massa derivanti dal sistema mobile. Inoltre, gli effetti di fenomeni di danneggiamento di elementi del sistema dei cavi, prodotti da preesistenti fenomeni di corrosione o rotture improvvise, vengono analizzati per mezzo di leggi esplicite in funzione del tempo, sviluppate nell’ambito della teoria della meccanica del danneggiamento. Inizialmente, le analisi hanno focalizzato l'attenzione sul comportamento dinamico di ponti strallati in presenza di rottura improvvisa di elementi costituenti il sistema dei cavi. In tale contesto sono proposti dei risultati ricavati da analisi sensitive delle variabili dei ponti di grande luce. In particolare, l’influenza dalle caratteristiche dei carichi mobili, delle tipologia dei piloni e dello scenario di danneggiamento sono studiati per mezzo di confronti tra configurazioni del ponte danneggiate e non danneggiate. Successivamente, viene analizzato il comportamento dei ponti misti strallati sospesi. E’ sviluppato uno studio parametrico sulla base di quattro scenari di danneggiamento che prevedono il danneggiamento degli stralli, dei pendini e del cavo principale. In particolare, al fine di evidenziare i vantaggi presentati dalla configurazione mista, vengono proposi dei risultati sotto forma di confronto con sistemi puri strallati e sospesi. I risultati sono espressi in termini di fattori di amplificazione dinamica delle tipiche variabili cinematiche e tensionali di progetto. Il problema della influenza sulla capacità massima di carico delle nonlinearità geometriche e del materiale è presentato con riferimento allo schema di sospensione strallato-sospeso auto-ancorato. Il comportamento non lineare del materiale della trave di irrigidimento e dei piloni è rappresentato da una raffinata formulazione agli elementi finiti che combina la teoria alla base del modulo tangente con un modello di cerniera plastica, mentre per i cavi viene adottata la teoria della plasticità per deformazioni finite. Nel quadro della non linearità geometrica, dal momento che il modello strutturale di base agli elementi finiti riproduce i grandi spostamenti e l’effetto "sag" dei cavi, che viene riprodotto per mezzo di un approccio multi truss element, sono agiunti ulteriori contributi per riprodurre l’effetto di interazione sforzo normalemomento flettente presente nelle pile e nella trave di irrigidimento. L'analisi si basa su un’analisi nonlineare al passo. Poiché il comportamento strutturale del ponte è fortemente influenzato dalle distribuzioni delle forze di pretensione del sistema dei cavi, come primo step viene determinata la configurazione geometrica iniziale del ponte sotto l'azione di carichi permanenti. I risultati sono finalizzati ad analizzare l'influenza sulla massima capacità di carico del comportamento nonlineare del materiale nonché dei parametri geometrici e strutturali.
Analisi del comportamento non-lineare dei materiali compositi con microstruttura periodica
(2009) Sgambittera, Girolamo; Olivito, Renato Sante; Bruno, Domenico; Greco, Fabrizio
In the present thesis the macroscopic non-linear behavior of composite materials with a periodic and heterogeneous microstructure is studied. There are many different kinds of phenomena that produce non-linear effects in composite materials, for example intralaminar damage, delamination and microbucking in fiber reinforced composite or micro-cracking in cellular materials. In this work attention is devoted to the mechanical modeling of nonlinear phenomena associated to the presence of micro-cracks in the context of linear elasticity and of microscopic instabilities in the framework of the finite strain theory. Applications have been developed with reference to microstructures of cellular type and with embedded inclusions. The thesis is structured according to the following chapters: -In the first chapter the fundamental concepts of the finite strains theory are recalled. The constitutive relations associated to a class of conjugate stress-strain pairs are introduced. The basic expressions of the incremental constitutive laws are shown with special reference to incrementally linear constitutive laws. Finally the stability and the uniqueness of the equilibrium solution are analyzed. -In the second chapter, after an introduction about the homogenization techniques, the micro and macro stability phenomena occurring in composite materials with a periodic microstructure are studied from a theoretical point of view in the context of the finite strains theory. The formulation starts from a variational formulation of the problem. Novel macroscopic measures of micro-structural stability are introduced corresponding to the positive definiteness of the homogenized moduli tensors relative to a class of conjugate stress-strain pairs and their effectiveness to obtain a conservative prediction of the microscopic primary instability load is pointed out. Analysis of these stability phenomena plays a fundamental role because often the collapse of composite materials with periodic microstructure is related to microstructural instabilities. In addition the microscopic stability analysis establishes the region of validity of the standard homogenization procedure based on the unit cell procedure. -In the third chapter, in the context of the small strains theory, non-linear phenomena are presented with reference to composite materials with a porous microstructure containing micro-cracks spreading from the voids. The fundamental techniques of homogenization are applied in conjunction with fracture mechanics theory and interface models. The energy release rate is evaluated through the J-integral technique. -In the fourth chapter some numerical applications carried out by means of a one-way coupled finite element code, are proposed. In the first section the numerical results will be introduced with reference to the theoretical aspects developed in the second chapter. Numerical analyses are addressed to composite materials with a periodic microstructure, namely a porous microstructure and a particle-reinforced microstructure. The adopted constitutive law is hyperelastic. Periodic boundary conditions will be used for the microstructure, and uniaxial and equibiaxial loading conditions are considered. Numerical analyses are able to show the exact region of microscopic stability, obtained by taking into account all the microstructural details, and the region of macroscopic stability, determinate by studying homogenized material properties. To elaborate macroscopic criteria able to give a conservative prediction of the microstructural stability, different measures of macroscopic instability are introduced with reference to work conjugate strain-stress measures. In the second section of this chapter a numerical analyses with reference to the micromechanical model proposed in the third chapter is developed. In this case the microstructure adopted for the composite materials is a cellular microstructure in which there is the presence of two micro-cracks advancing symmetrically from the void. The microstructure is subjected to three different boundary conditions namely respectively: linear displacements, periodic fluctuations and antiperiodic tractions and uniform tractions. The objective of this section is to verify the validity of the homogenization technique in the prediction of micro-crack evolution phenomena, for composites with locally periodic microstructure. The energy release rate obtained through the micromechanical model will be compared with a 2D composite structure composed by a regular arrangement of 5x5 unit cells. The composite structure is subjected to two different boundary conditions: the former is associated with the absence of contact between the surfaces of the micro-cracks, on the contrary in the latter case there is the presence of the contact. This type of comparison allows to investigate the accuracy of the proposed procedure in presence of macroscopic tension and strain gradients.
Analisi dell'erosione di fondo in materiale coesivo
(2014-06-09) Massaro, Giorgia; Calomino, Francesco; Macchione, Francesco
Analisi dinamica non lineare e progettazione di strutture intelaiate con controventi dissipativi soggette ad azioni sismiche
(2014-06-03) Tucci, Antonio; Aristodemo, Maurizio; Vulcano, Alfonso
Analisi sismica non lineare di edifici con struttura in C.A. base fissa ed isolata in presenza di fenomeni di martellamento interno ed esterno
(Università della Calabria, 2021-06-09) Labernarda, Rodolfo; Conte, Enrico; Mazza, Fabio
Analisi teorica/sperimentale di travi in calcestruzzo armato rinforzate con sistemi Steel-FRCM: caratterizzazione dei materiali/comportamento strutturale sotto carico monotono e ciclico/valutazione della deformazione di distacco intermedia
(Università della Calabria, 2021-06-25) Nisticò, Mattia; Conte, Enrico; Bencardino, Francesco
Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di studiare il comportamento strutturale di travi di calcestruzzo armato (c.a.) in scala reale sottoposte a caricamento monotono e ciclico, rinforzate esternamente con sistema Steel-Fabric Reiforced Cementitious Matrix (S-FRCM). Le travi testate a flessione sono rinforzate con una tecnica tradizionale Externally Bonded (EB) e con una tecnica innovativa chiamata Inhibiting-Repairing-Strengthening (IRS) che prevede l’applicazione del sistema di rinforzo all’interno del ricoprimento di calcestruzzo con una opportuna matrice inorganica a base di polimeri di natura minerale, avente proprietà di inibizione dalla corrosione delle armature interne. I risultati sperimentali hanno evidenziato l’efficacia della tecnica IRS che, rispetto alla tecnica tradizionale EB, ha fatto registrare maggiori incrementi di carico ultimo e di fattore di duttilità. Inoltre, l’uso di una fibra di acciaio con scarsa capacità di impregnazione favorisce la modalità di collasso per debonding che ne riduce la capacità di rinforzo. Sono state, inoltre, condotte prove di adesione su provini di calcestruzzo e muratura allo scopo di indagare e comprendere il comportamento di interfaccia dei sistemi S-FRCM al variare della tipologia di fibra di acciaio e matrice di applicazione. Il distacco all'interfaccia fibra-matrice e fibra-supporto (senza asportazione della superficie di applicazione) sono le principali modalità di rottura osservate, oltre alla rottura per trazione della fibra. Dai risultati ottenuti sono state calibrate leggi coesive di interfaccia per le applicazioni dei sistemi di rinforzo su elementi di calcestruzzo da utilizzare nelle analisi teoriche. I risultati sperimentali delle travi sono stati confrontati con i risultati ottenuti da un modello numerico agli elementi finiti utile per validare le leggi di interfaccia e prevedere il comportamento strutturale delle travi rinforzate con sistema EB-IRS/S-FRCM. Infine, sono state effettuate considerazioni sulla valutazione della deformazione di distacco intermedia (intermediate debonding) di strisce di acciaio applicate su elementi di c.a. secondo le indicazioni riportate nel documento CNR-DT/215. I confronti sono stati eseguiti utilizzando i dati sperimentali ottenuti nello sviluppo della tesi ed un database di risultati collezionati dalla letteratura scientifica. Il confronto è effettuato anche con semplici formule predittive proposte da diversi autori. Da questi confronti si evince come le indicazioni del documento CNR-DT/215 forniscano risultati affidabili per le fibre con bassa densità ed al contrario errori non trascurabili XII nel caso di fibre di acciaio ad alta densità. Le formule predittive, caratterizzate dalla facilità d’uso, indicano valori accurati in combinazione con opportuni coefficienti parziali di sicurezza.
Analisi teorico-sperimentale di pareti murarie caricate fuori dal piano
(2006-11-20) Zuccarello, Francesca Anna; Bruno, Domenico; Olivito, Renato S.
Analysis of fracture phenomena in concrete structures by means of cohesive modeling techniques
(Università della Calabria, 2021-06-30) De Maio, Umberto; Critelli, Salvatore; Greco, Fabrizio; Nevone Blasi, Paolo
Still today, the fracture phenomenon in cementitious materi-als is a research topic widely investigated by numerous research-ers in materials and structural engineering, since it involves many theoretical and practical aspects concerning both strength and durability properties of common concrete structures. In-deed, cracking is one of the main causes of the severe deteriora-tion of concrete structures, usually leading to an unacceptable re-duction of their serviceability time. The fracture processes, in-cluding onset, propagation, and coalescence of multiple cracks, arise in the structural members because of the low tensile strength of concrete, which is ultimately related to the existence of voids or undetected defects in the material microstructure.Such cracking processes significantly affect the global mechani-cal behavior of the concrete structures and may facilitate the in-gress of corrosive media; therefore, in the scientific community there is a strong interest in reducing cracks width to a minimum or in preventing cracking altogether. In the technical literature, several simplified numerical models, based on either linear-elas-tic or elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, are proposed to predict the fracture mechanisms during any stage of the lifetime of con-crete structures. However, the application of these models is somehow limited, due to their incapacity to capture the complex inelastic mechanical behavior of reinforced concrete members, involving multiple concrete cracking and steel yielding and their mutual interaction under the combined action of axial and bend-ing loadings. This thesis aims to develop a sophisticated numerical frac-ture model to predict the cracking processes in quasi-brittle ma-terials like concrete, and the main failure mechanisms of the re-inforced concrete structures in a comprehensive manner. The proposed methodology relies on a diffuse interface model (DIM), based on an inter-element cohesive fracture approach, where co-hesive elements are inserted along all the internal mesh bounda-ries to simulate multiple cracks initiation, propagation and coa-lescence in concrete. Such a model, is used in combination with an embedded truss model (ETM) for steel reinforcing bars in the failure analysis of reinforced concrete structures. In particular, truss elements equipped with an elastoplastic constitutive be-havior are suitably connected to the concrete mesh via a bond-slip interface, in order to capture the interaction with the sur-rounding concrete layers as well as with the neighboring propa-gating cracks. The proposed fracture model takes advantage of a novel mi-cromechanics-based calibration technique, developed and pro-posed in this thesis, to control and/or reduce the well-known mesh dependency issues of the diffuse cohesive approach, re-lated to the artificial compliance in the elastic regime. In this way, the initial stiffness parameters of the cohesive element employed in the diffuse interface model are suitably calibrated by means of a rigorous micromechanical approach, based on the concept of representative volume element. In particular, by performing sev-eral micromechanical analyses two charts have been constructed which provide the dimensionless normal and tangential stiffness parameters as functions of both the Poisson’s ratio of the bulk and the admitted reduction in the overall Young’s modulus after the insertion of the cohesive interfaces. The proposed fracture model has been firstly validated by performing numerical analysis in plain concrete elements, and secondly, employed to analyze the failure mechanisms in exter-nally strengthened reinforced concrete beams. In particular, several numerical simulations, involving pre-notched concrete beams subjected to mode-I loading conditions, have been performed to investigate the capability of the diffuse interface model to predict self-similar crack propagation and to assess the mesh-induced artificial toughening effects, also intro-ducing two new fracture models for comparison purpose. More-over, sensitivity analyses with respect to the mesh size and the mesh orientation have been performed to investigate the mesh dependency properties of the proposed fracture model. Further validation of the proposed diffuse interface model has been pro-vided for plain concrete structures subjected to general mixed-mode loading conditions. The role of the mode-II inelastic parameters (i.e. critical tangential stress and mode-II fracture en-ergy) on the nonlinear behavior of the embedded cohesive inter-faces is investigated in a deeper manner. In particular, two sen-sitivity analyses have been performed by independently varying the mode-II inelastic parameters required by the traction-separa-tion law adopted in the proposed concrete fracture model, in or-der to quantify the above-mentioned artificial toughening effects associated with mode-II crack propagation. Moreover, compari-sons with numerical and experimental results, with reference to mode-I and mixed-mode fracture tests, have been reported, highlighting the effectiveness of the adopted diffuse interface model (DIM) in predicting the failure response in a reliable man-ner. Subsequently, the integrated fracture approach is success-fully employed to predict the nonlinear response of (eventually strengthened) reinforced concrete beams subjected to general loading conditions. Firstly, the failure analysis of reinforced con-crete (RC) beams has been performed to assess the capability of the integrated fracture model to capture multiple crack initiation and propagation. Detailed stress analysis of the tensile reinforce-ment bars has been also reported to verify the capability of the embedded truss model (ETM) of capturing the tension stiffening effect. Secondly, the well-known concrete cover separation phe-nomenon has been predicted by performing complete failure simulations of FRP-strengthened RC elements. To this end, a sin-gle interface model (SIM) has been incorporated in the proposed fracture model to capture the mechanical interaction between the concrete element and the externally bonded reinforced system and to predict eventually debonding phenomena in con-crete/FRP plate interface. Suitable comparisons with available experimental results have clearly shown the reliability and the effectiveness (in terms of numerical accuracy) of the adopted fracture approach, especially in the crack pattern prediction. Fi-nally, the proposed integrated numerical model is used to pre-dict the structural response of ultra high-performance fiber-rein-forced concrete (UHPFRC) structures enhanced with embedded nanomaterials. In this case, the cohesive elements are equipped with a mixed-mode traction-separation law suitably calibrated to account for the toughening effect of the nano-reinforcement. The main numerical outcomes, presented in terms of both global structural response and final crack pattern, show the ability of the proposed approach to predict the load-carrying capacity of such structures, as well as to highlight the role of the embedded nano-reinforcement in the crack width control.
Analysis of nonlinear phenomena in heterogeneous materials by means of homogenization and multiscale techniques
(Università della Calabria, 2020-06-07) Pranno, Andrea; Critelli, Salvatore; Bruno, Domenico; Greco, Fabrizio
Over the past decade, scientific and industrial communities have shared their expertise to improve mechanical and structural design favoring the exploration and development of new technologies, materials and ad-vanced modeling methods with the aim to design structures with the highest structural performances. The most promising materials used in many advanced engineering applications are fiber- or particle-rein-forced composite materials. Specifically, materials with periodically or randomly distributed inclusions embedded in a soft matrix offer excel-lent mechanical properties with respect to traditional materials (for in-stance, the capability to undergo large deformations). Recent applica-tions of these innovative materials are advanced reinforced materials in the tire industry, nanostructured materials, high-performance structural components, advanced additive manufactured materials in the form of bio-inspired, functional or metamaterials, artificial muscles, tunable vi-bration dampers, magnetic actuators, energy-harvesting devices when these materials exhibit magneto- or electro-mechanical properties. To-day the scientific community recognizes that, to develop new advanced materials capable of satisfying increasingly restrictive criteria, it is vital fully understanding the relationship between the macroscopic behavior of a material, and its microstructure. Composite materials are charac-terized by complex microstructures and they are commonly subjected also to complex loadings, therefore their macroscopic response can be evaluated by adopting advanced strategies of micro-macro bridging, such as numerical homogenization and multiscale techniques. The aim of this thesis is to provide theoretical and numerical methods able to model the mechanical response of heterogeneous materials (fiber- or particle-reinforced composite materials) in a large deformation context predicting the failure in terms of loss of stability considering also the interaction between microfractures and contact. In the past literature, several theories have been proposed on this topic, but they are preva-lently limited to the analysis of microscopic and macroscopic instabili-ties for not damaged microstructures, whereas the problem of interac-tion between different microscopic failure modes in composite materi-als subjected to large deformations in a multiscale context still has not been investigated in-depth and it represents the main aspect of novelty of the present thesis. The thesis starts with a literature review on the previously announced topic. Then, the basic hypotheses of the numerical homogenization strategy are given together with a review of the most recurring mul-tiscale strategies in the modeling of the behavior of advanced composite materials following a classification based on the type of coupling be-tween the microscopic and the macroscopic levels. In addition, a theo-retical non-linear analysis of the homogenized response of periodic composite solids subjected to macroscopically uniform strains is given by including the effects of instabilities occurring at microscopic levels and the interaction between microfractures and buckling instabilities. Subsequently, the numerical results obtained were reported and dis-cussed. Firstly, the interaction between microfractures and buckling instabili-ties in unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite materials was investi-gated by means of the nonlinear homogenization theory. In such mate-rials, the investigated interaction may lead to a strong decrease in the compressive strength of the composite material because buckling causes a large increase in energy release rate at the tips of preexisting cracks favoring crack propagation or interface debonding. Thus, mi-crocracked composite materials characterized by hyperelastic constitu-ents and subjected to macrostrain-driven loading paths were firstly in-vestigated giving a theoretical formulation of instability and bifurcation phenomena. A quasi-static finite-strain continuum rate approach in a variational setting has been developed including contact and frictionless sliding effects. It worth noting that, the above developments show that non-standard self-contact terms must be included in the analysis for an accurate prediction of microscopic failure; these terms are usually ne-glected when contact is modelled in the framework of cohesive inter-face constitutive laws. The influence of the above-mentioned non-standard contributions on the instability and bifurcation critical loads in defected fiber-reinforced composites can be estimated in light of the results which will be presented in this thesis. Thus, the role of non-standard crack self-contact rate contributions to the stability and non-bifurcation conditions was pointed out by means of comparisons with simplified formulations and it was clearly shown that these contribu-tions have a notable role in an accurate prediction of the real failure behavior of the composite solid. Secondly, two multiscale modeling strategies have been adopted to an-alyze the microstructural instability in locally periodic fiber-reinforced composite materials subjected to general loading conditions in a large deformation context. The first strategy is a semiconcurrent multiscale method consisting in the derivation of the macroscopic constitutive re-sponse of the composite structure together with a microscopic stability analysis through a two-way computational homogenization scheme. The second approach is a novel hybrid hierarchical/concurrent mul-tiscale approach able to combine the advantages inherent in the use of hierarchical and concurrent approaches and based on a two-level do-main decomposition; such a method allows to replace the computation-ally onerous procedure of extracting the homogenized constitutive law for each time step through solving a BVP in each Gauss point by means of a macro-stress/macro-strain database obtained in a pre-processed step. The viability and accuracy of the proposed multiscale approaches in the context of the microscopic stability analysis in defected compo-site materials have been appropriately evaluated through comparisons with reference direct numerical simulations, by which the ability of the second approach in capturing the exact critical load factor and the boundary layer effects has been highlighted. Finally, the novel hybrid multiscale strategy has been implemented also to predict the mechanical behavior of nacre-like composite material in a large deformation context with the purpose to design a human body protective bio-inspired material. Therefore, varying the main micro-structural geometrical parameters (platelets aspect ratio and stiff-phase volume fraction), a comprehensive parametric analysis was performed analyzing the penetration resistance and flexibility by means of an in-dentation test and a three-point bending test, respectively. A material performance metric, incorporating the performance requirements of penetration resistance and flexibility in one parameter and called pro-tecto-flexibility, was defined to investigate the role of microstructural parameters in an integrated measure. The results have been revealed that advantageous microstructured configurations can be used for the design and further optimization of the nacre-like composite material.
Approcci qauntitativi alle stime di interesse dei beni culturali ecclesiastici
(2014-06-04) Aragona, Francesco; Salvo, Francesca; D'Elia, Sergio
Caratterizzazione delle acque di una rete di drenaggio di tipo misto come supporto alla scelta di sistemi di trattamento
(2014-04-11) Carbone, Marco; Piro, Patrizia; Veltri, Paolo
Caratterizzazione elasto-plastica mediante prove di trazione e interferometria speckle
(2014-01-23) Bova,Marco; Poggialini,Andrea; Bruno,Luigi; Olivito,Renato Sante
In the present work of thesis an experimental equipment for elasto-plastic characterization of engineering materials by tensile tests is presented. The stress state is imposed to the specimen by a testing machine fixed on the optical table and designed for optimizing the performance of a speckle interferometer. All three displacement components are measured by a portable speckle interferometer fed by three laser diodes of 50 mW, by which the deformations of small surfaces can be fully analyzed in details. The whole equipment is driven by control electronics designed and realized on purpose, by which it is possible to accurately modify the intensity of the illumination sources, the position of a PZT actuator necessary for applying phaseshifting procedure, and the overall displacement applied to the specimen. The experiments were carried out by a virtual instrument implemented in National Instrument LabVIEW environment, while the processing of the experimental data in Wolfram Mathematica environment. The thesis first reports some preliminary results obtained by a specimen subjected to 3D rigid body motions; the results showed a high accuracy and repeatability of the interferometer. Then, the whole experimental apparatus was employed for the elasto-plastic characterization of a high strength steel specimen. The σ-ε curve for the material was determined and the experimental data were approximated using Ramberg-Osgood and Hollomon’s constitutive models.
Comportamento a taglio di elementi murari rinforzati con compositi FRCM in fibre naturali
(2011) Venneri, Assunta; Olivito, Renato S.
Nel presente lavoro, svolto nell’ambito del dottorato di ricerca, si è affrontato l’argomento della progettazione strutturale sostenibile attraverso lo studio di un sistema di rinforzo costituito da materiali a basso impatto ambientale. È stata analizzata, in particolare, la possibilità di sviluppo di un nuovo composito a matrice cementizia da impiegare nel campo della riabilitazione strutturale e dell’adeguamento sismico come rinforzo esterno di elementi in muratura. La fase fibrosa è rappresentata anch’essa da materiali non convenzionali ed eco-sostenibili, composti da fibre naturali di canapa e di lino nella forma di nastri e tessuti uni e bi-direzionali. Riguardo l’uso dei sistemi FRCM (Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix), costituiti da leganti inorganici idraulici in sostituzione delle resine epossidiche dei più tradizionali FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer), numerosi sono ormai gli studi sperimentali presenti nella letteratura scientifica che li vedono accoppiati a fibre di natura sintetica (vetro, carbonio, PBO, etc.). Tali indagini hanno dimostrato buone caratteristiche di adesione alla muratura, buona resistenza alle alte temperature e, con un’opportuna scelta della fase di rinforzo, buone caratteristiche meccaniche. Meno apprezzabile è risultata invece la compatibilità con le fibre. Prove sperimentali di delaminazione eseguite su murature e/o su elementi resistenti in laterizio/pietra rinforzati, hanno evidenziato, infatti, la frequenza di una modalità di crisi per perdita di aderenza tra la matrice e l’elemento di rinforzo. Il problema dello “scollamento” delle fibre dall’adesivo (debonding) è alla stregua del fenomeno del distacco del materiale composito dalla parte superficiale del supporto murario (peeling, tipico dei sistemi con FRP), poiché entrambe le tipologie di rottura si manifestano all’interfaccia tra gli strati impedendo al materiale di rinforzo di lavorare al massimo delle proprie prestazioni a trazione. Nell’ambito delineato, la scelta di impiegare fibre lunghe naturali (NF) in sostituzione delle fibre artificiali sintetiche comunemente impiegate nel campo dei rinforzi strutturali con compositi rappresenta un’innovazione assoluta. Si tratta di materiali con modeste caratteristiche meccaniche ed elastiche ma del tutto paragonabili alle fibre di vetro di medie prestazioni. L’attività sperimentale condotta per il presente studio ha avuto lo scopo di indagare preliminarmente la compatibilità di tali fibre con una matrice cementizia specifica per sistemi di consolidamento esterno e, successivamente, di valutare l’efficacia del materiale composito ottenuto (NFRCM) quando applicato a elementi in muratura di mattoni pieni sottoposti ad azioni di taglio nel piano. Più specificamente, dopo una prima fase di caratterizzazione a trazione dei nastri, affiancata a una campagna di prove di tipo pull-out su elementi in laterizio fibrorinforzati, si è proceduto a una serie di prove di compressione diagonale su campioni di muratura privi di rinforzo e su campioni rinforzati, consentendo di rilevare l’efficacia del rinforzo in termini di capacità resistente e rigidezza al taglio. Le strisce di materiale composito sono state applicate su ambo le superfici regolarizzate dei pannelli murari secondo le disposizioni geometriche in diagonale e a reticolo a maglie quadrate. Le prove di aderenza e quelle di taglio nel piano sono state ripetute utilizzando un tessuto in fibre di vetro immerso nella stessa matrice in cui sono state impregnate le fibre naturali, allo scopo di eseguire un confronto con i materiali di rinforzo comunemente impiegati nei sistemi FRCM. Alla campagna sperimentale, infine, è stata accostata un’analisi numerica atta a fornire dei modelli capaci di descrivere il comportamento sperimentale esibito dai provini murari durante le prove di laboratorio. In particolare, i pannelli sono stati discretizzati all’interno del codice di calcolo LMGC90 e le strisce di composito modellate tenendo conto solo della modalità di rottura a trazione delle fibre nell’ipotesi di perfetta aderenza al supporto murario. Il codice risulta essere particolarmente adatto alla modellazione della muratura, basandosi su un metodo agli elementi distinti (DEM) che adotta un algoritmo di risoluzione completamente implicito (Non Smooth Dynamic Contact method). In particolare, esso è utilizzato per modellare il comportamento globale di sistemi discreti considerando il comportamento dinamico proprio di ogni componente in interazione con gli altri elementi. Le analisi numeriche risultano in buon accordo con le risultanze sperimentali, mostrando la validità di questo primo approccio di modellazione numerica per la muratura rinforzata. Parole chiave: Muratura, Rinforzo, FRCM, Fibre naturali, Compressione diagonale,Modellazione
A Comprehensive analysis of hydrological benefits of low impact development techniques: experimental investigation and numerical modeling
(Università della Calabria, 2020-03-05) Palermo, Stefania Anna; Furgiuele, Franco; Piro, Patrizia
Urban floods, recently increasing due to the combine effect of climate change and urbanization, represent a potential risk to human life, economic assets and environment. In this context, the traditional urban drainage techniques seem to be inadequate for the purpose, therefore a transition towards an innovative sustainable and resilient urban stormwater management is a valid solution. One promising strategy is the implementation of decentralized stormwater controls, also known as Low Impact Development (LID) systems that provide several benefits at multiple scales. Despite several studies demonstrated the LIDs’ capability in terms of surface runoff reduction, the transition towards a sustainable urban drainage system, which includes these techniques, seems to be very slow. One of the key scientific limiting factors can be found in the lack of comprehensive analyses able to highlight the hydrological performance and the physical processes involved in LID systems at multiple spatial scale and by considering long-term experimental data. The complexity of the physical processes, involved in each specific LIDs stratigraphy, requires modeling tools able to accurately interpret their hydraulic behaviour, as well as to correlate their hydrologic efficiency with the management of stormwater in the surrounding urban area. For these reasons, so far different empirical, conceptual and mechanistic models have been proposed, however in many of these studies, the hydrological parameters, as well as the physical ones were not properly investigated, limiting the analysis only to specific factors, or by considering literature values for the numerical modeling. Thus, principal aim of this thesis is to present a comprehensive analysis of the hydrological benefits of LID techniques by experimental investigation and numerical modeling. To achieve this goal, several analyses were carried out by considering different: LID systems, spatial scales, weather conditions, modeling investigation, as well as mathematical optimization approaches. Monitored data at the full scale implementation and laboratory measurements were used to support the numerical modeling. More in detail, first a global sensitivity analysis (GSA), based on the Elementary Effect Test (EET) was applied to a PCSWMM hydrodynamic model of the University Campus Innsbruck, which combines traditional drainage infrastructures and low impact development techniques, as Rain Gardens. In this regard, main findings have showed that soil hydraulic parameters considered in the model, (i.e., principally Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Seepage Rate) were the most sensitive parameters. Therefore, the identification of these properties for LID systems is crucial in order to correctly evaluate their hydraulic performance. Starting from this finding the analysis of the hydrological efficiency of a full-scale extensive green roof, located at University of Calabria in Mediterranean Climate was assessed, by considering field monitored hydrological data, as well as soil hydraulic properties evaluated in lab, and a modeling analysis. Thus, first a field monitoring campaign for one year was carried out, and then hydrological performance indices on an event scale were evaluated. The findings have revealed the optimal behaviour of the specific green roof in Mediterranean climate, which presents an average value of Subsurface Runoff Coefficient of 50.4% for the rainfall events with a precipitation depth more than 8 mm. Later, to evaluate the influence of increasing values of substrate depths (6 cm, 9 cm, 12 cm, 15 cm) on green roof retention capacity, the hydraulic properties of the soil materials were first investigated in Laboratory, by the simplified evaporation method, and then considered for the implementation of the mechanistic model HYDRUS 1D. The results obtained in this phase have showed how the considered substrate depths were able to achieve a runoff volume reduction of 22% to 24%. Thus, as the outflow volume reduction achieved by increasing the soil depth was not significant, the ideal depth for specific soil substrate would be 6 centimetres. Following this study, and based on the findings obtained at building scale, next phase was focused on the analysis of hydrological effectiveness of Low Impact development solutions at largeurban scale in a south Italian case study. This investigation was carried out by considering different LID conversion scenarios by a predictive conceptual model (PCSWMM). In this regards, a specific permeable pavement and green roof, developed and installed at University of Calabria, were considered for the model implementation. Globally, modeling results have confirmed the suitability of these LID solutions to reduce surface runoff even if just a small percentage (30%) of the impervious surfaces is converted. By considering all of the findings, previous achieved by experimental and modelig investigation, it emerged that many aspects related to LIDs design and operation, as well as the choice of the facility and its location can affect the results in terms of hydraulic efficiency. In this regard, a mathematical optimization approach to consider several aspects together could be a suitable tool for designers of LID systems and experts in the field. Therefore, in the last part of the work, new Mathematical Optimization Approaches for LID techniques were evaluated. More in detail, the optimization of rainwater harvesting systems, by using TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and Rough Set method as Multi-Objective Optimization approaches, was carried out. The results have demonstrated that these approaches could provide an additional tool to identify the ideal system. In conclusion, main findings of this thesis confirm the suitability of LID systems for urban stormwater management providing useful suggestions for their design and tools for assessing their hydrological effectiveness, analysing physical and hydrological parameters that affect their operation, introducing advanced concepts for the optimization of LID systems, therefore providing a significant and innovative contribution for the improvement of scientific research in the field and the spread of these sustainable techniques.
Contributo alla valutazione del dissesto idrogeologico nel bacino sperimentale Bonis:stima dell'incertezza spaziale del fattore di erodibiltà del suolo K
(2007-10-30) Falace, Mario; Veltri, Paolo; Frega, Giuseppe C.
Crack propagation modelling in layered structures by using moving mesh method
(2019-05-10) Funari, Marco Francesco; Critelli, Salvatore; Leonetti, Paolo
The study presented in this PhD thesis is focused on development of advanced numerical models to describe crack propagation and interface decohesion phenomena in laminate and sandwich structures. The general idea is to simulate crack tip motion by using a moving mesh methodology to reproduce quasi-static and fast crack propagation phenomena in layered structures. Without going into too much details, the nodes are moved to predict changes of the geometry produced by the crack motion allowing to avoid several remeshing and saving computational time. The thesis presents a series of numerical investigations, which are performed in order to validate the introduced features in the numerical methodology along the development process. The starting point of the research was the investigation of the interface crack propagation phenomena in multilayered structures simulated by using shear deformable beam elements. The theoretical formulation was based on Arbitrary Lagrangian and Eulerian (ALE) methodology and cohesive interface elements, in which weak based moving connections are implemented by using a finite element formulation. In this framework, only the nodes of the computational mesh of the interface region are moved on the basis of the predicted fracture variables, reducing mesh distortions by using continuous rezoning procedures. The use of moving mesh methodology in the proposed model allow us to introduce nonlinear interface elements in a small region containing the process zone, reducing the numerical complexities and efforts, typically involved in standard cohesive approach. Furthermore, this numerical methodology was developed to investigate the strategy commonly adopted to improve the interlaminar strength of composite laminate. Basically, in order to simulate the z-pins reinforced area, a set of discrete nonlinear springs fixed to material domain was introduced. As is well known, a very important feature that should have a numerical model is the capability to simulate both crack onset condition and coalescence phenomena in structures with initial perfect interfaces. To this end, proper script files were carried out to manage the steps involved in the procedure, regarding the geometry variation due to the crack onset, the debonding length definition and the mesh enrichment in the process zone. The numerical strategy could be solved in both static and dynamic frameworks, taking into account time dependent effects produced by the inertial characteristics of the structure and the boundary motion involved by debonding phenomena. In both cases, the governing equations have been integrated by means of proper stop and restart conditions, to modify the computational mesh due to the onset of debonding phenomena. The ability of the proposed model has been verified by simulating several onset configurations, including the case, in which multiple debonding mechanisms with coalescence affect the interfaces. The research project has been focused on the study of the sandwich structure failure modes. From physical and mathematical viewpoints, two main issues are demanding a detailed understanding of the mechanical behaviour of sandwich panels: the propagation of internal macro-cracks in the core and the delamination at skin/core interfaces. To concern the delamination between skin and core, previous numerical strategy, already used in the framework of composite laminate, was generalized simply by modifying the relative displacement between skin (shear deformable beam) and core (2D plane stress formulation). In order to simulate the macro crack propagation in the core, the ALE approach has been generalized in two-dimensional framework. The approach has combined concepts arising from structural mechanics and moving mesh methodology, which was implemented in a unified framework to predict crack growth on the basis of Fracture Mechanics variables. In particular, moving computational nodes were modified starting from a fixed referential coordinate system on the basis of a crack growth criterion to predict directionality and displacement of the tip front. The use of rezoning mesh methods coupled with a proper advancing crack growth scheme has ensured the consistency of mesh motion with small distortions and an unaltered mesh typology. In addition, the moving grid was modified from the initial configuration in such a way that the recourse to remeshing procedures has been strongly reduced. Numerical formulation and its computational implementation have shown how the proposed approach can be easily embedded in classical finite element software. Numerical examples in presence of internal material discontinuities and comparisons with existing data obtained by advanced numerical approaches and experimental data have been proposed to check the validity of the formulation. Furthermore, the crack propagation in the core of sandwich structures has been analysed on the basis of fracture parameters experimentally determined on commercially available foams. The (summary) thesis comprises the following: Chapter 1 - Introduction (thesis topics, literature review, aims and scope); Chapter 2 and 3 - present theoretical formulation and numerical implementation followed by results of the numerical methodology to describe crack onset, propagation and coalescence respectively; Chapters 4 - reports the numerical investigation about sandwich structure failure modes and the generalization of the ALE approach to simulate crack propagation in 2D continuum (core); Chapters 5 -presents the conclusions and future works
Dalla città compatta all'urbanizzazione diffusa: controurbanizzazione e sostenibilità delle forme insediative nella media val di Crati
(2011-11-29) Bonavita, Giuseppe; Parise, Federico; Olivito, Renato S.
Definizione di modelli di sviluppo nei processi di pianificazione delle aree sottoposte a vincolo
(2012) Scarpino, Antonio; Olivito, Renato S.; Francini, Mauro; Llop, Charles